![]() ![]() In the next few years a number of best-selling books promoted decentralization.ĭaniel Bell's The Coming of Post-Industrial Society discussed the need for decentralization and a "comprehensive overhaul of government structure to find the appropriate size and scope of units", as well as the need to detach functions from current state boundaries, creating regions based on functions like water, transport, education and economics which might have "different 'overlays' on the map." Alvin Toffler published Future Shock (1970) and The Third Wave (1980). Schumacher, author of the 1973 bestseller Small Is Beautiful: A Study of Economics As If People Mattered. Leopold Kohr, author of the 1957 book The Breakdown of Nations – known for its statement "Whenever something is wrong, something is too big" – was a major influence on E. Decentralization was one of ten Megatrends identified in this best seller. New Left and libertarian individuals who identified with social, economic, and often political decentralism through the ensuing years included Ralph Borsodi, Wendell Berry, Paul Goodman, Carl Oglesby, Karl Hess, Donald Livingston, Kirkpatrick Sale (author of Human Scale), Murray Bookchin, Dorothy Day, Senator Mark O. The decentralist movement attracted Southern Agrarians like Robert Penn Warren, as well as journalist Herbert Agar. ![]() It blamed large-scale industrial production for destroying middle-class shop keepers and small manufacturers and promoted increased property ownership and a return to small scale living. In the early 20th century, America's response to the centralization of economic wealth and political power was a decentralist movement. All my political ideas boil down to a similar formula: political federation or decentralization." And from the accumulation of these local, active, persnickety freedoms, is born the most efficient counterweight against the claims of the central government, even if it were supported by an impersonal, collective will." Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809–1865), influential anarchist theorist wrote: "All my economic ideas as developed over twenty-five years can be summed up in the words: agricultural-industrial federation. Tocqueville was an advocate, writing: "Decentralization has, not only an administrative value but also a civic dimension since it increases the opportunities for citizens to take interest in public affairs it makes them get accustomed to using freedom. ![]() Ideas of liberty and decentralization were carried to their logical conclusions during the 19th and 20th centuries by anti-state political activists calling themselves " anarchists", " libertarians", and even decentralists. in the end, an extension of centralization." In 1863, retired French bureaucrat Maurice Block wrote an article called "Decentralization" for a French journal that reviewed the dynamics of government and bureaucratic centralization and recent French efforts at decentralization of government functions. In the mid-1800s Tocqueville would write that the French Revolution began with "a push towards decentralization. "Centralization" entered written English in the first third of the 1800s mentions of decentralization also first appear during those years. The word " décentralisation" came into usage in the 1820s. The word " centralisation" came into use in France in 1794 as the post- Revolution French Directory leadership created a new government structure. Ĭoncepts of decentralization have been applied to group dynamics and management science in private businesses and organizations, political science, law and public administration, technology, economics and money.
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